EN
Depending on the type of packaging loads are divided into three groups (it is based on nowadays standards):
transported in containers;
transported without packaging with partial protection of the individual components (parts);
transported without packaging.
The able of transportation is achieved by packaging. This packaging is a set of containers and packaging materials or using special tools to facilitate handling and securing of cargo.
A container is the product which stores finished goods, semi-finished products or raw materials for qualitative and quantitative safety at transportation from a point of production or preparation of production to a place of its consumption and storage. The container divided into consumer, additional and shipping.
Consumer container is a container in which goods for consumer is packed. There are different types of vials, bottles, boxes, cans, packs, etc.
Additional container (barrier, group)is for goods, which are packed into consumer containers. Additional container is made to protect goods mainly from climatic and corrosive effects of the environment. It also used for consolidation and completing of production lots. It includes boxes, pouches, bags, cardboard boxes, etc.
Shipping container is used for packaging of different goods, which were pre-packed in consumer and additional containers or which is not packed. It provides the necessary protection mainly from mechanical damage during transportation of packaged goods. To transport containers include wood, metal, cardboard boxes and boxes of polymeric materials, barrels, drums, jars, bags and other containers.
Depending on the rigidity, in other words the ability to retain its original shape, the packaging is divided into rigid, semi-rigid and soft.
Rigid containers are made of metal, plastic, wood, glass, cardboard, wood-fiber materials and paper pulp.
For the producing of semi-rigid packaging plastic paper, some kinds of paper, cardboard and polymeric materials are used.
Soft containers made of cloth, film, paper, plastic and composite materials. Though the concept of container doesn't include containers, pallets, various kinds of specialized vehicles, they partially take up there functions. Packaging and support materials are used for wrapping, dense packing and cushioning to protect cargo from damage. They are used for packing goods in the consumer and shipping packaging, as well as placing it directly in the container. Wood, paper, cardboard, plastics, cotton, fabric, foam, composite and other materials are included into packaging and subsidiary materials.
Protecting cargo from damages and loss consist of complex of actions. This complex includes the correct choice of packaging, observance the rules of loading and un-loading, transportation and storage, taking into consideration the features of the goods and the impact of various external factors that affect cargo and packing facilities.
There are three main groups of factors, which influence cargo loading and unloading, transportation and storage:
mechanical - hitting, pushing, vibration, static load, the friction;
climate - the influence of rainfall, humid air, sea fog, solar radiation, temperature and other variables;
biological - impact activity of organisms, insects and rodents
In light of these factors should be properly and accordingly choose cartons and packing materials, calculate and apply them to different climatic regions.
The container should be chosen accordingly all this factors, and using them
Security complex includes the following sequence of basic processes: conservation, wrap in paper, cloth or other material, packaging into containers (consumer, extra, transport). Depending on the properties of the cargo all the security processes of the complex or only some of them may apply.
Packaging should not only protect the cargo but also provide: a convenient loading- unloading and storage operations in mechanized and manual methods, the most complete use of all vehicles on the volume, size and capacity of containers, packaging neat appearance and preservation of the presentation packaged goods.
Products, which haven’t been subjected to damage from mechanical and atmospheric influences, but have parts or components subject to damage and deterioration (treated countertops, built-in mechanisms) should be transported in the clear with the use of partial protection. It is done by conservation-based lubricants, varnishes, wrapping in waterproof materials, making wooden shields, caps, planking highly fragile places.
Packaged goods are accepted for transportation only if the packaging satisfy the specifications given in the state standards.
Shippers must bring the cargo to be transported in direct rail water and direct combined rail and water transport in containers, which guarantee the safety of cargo during transportation by railway rolling stock, by road transport and shipping vessels. Climatic conditions during the journey and in the destination of the cargo should also be taken into consideration.
Shipper is responsible for the durability of the packaging, the location and stability of the cargo inside it.
The size and design of packaging provide the best use of burden and bulk of the wagons and ships. Piece goods must be overpacked or combined into larger units of loading (packs, bundles, skeins).
In order to improve the quality of packaging and guarantee the safety of products during transportation and storage, as well as more efficient use of materials a number of new standards and amendments to existing ones were made in recent years.
Standards for containers are divided into general, which sets out the general technical requirements, made the calculation of structural elements (the thickness of materials, types, structures, etc.) and standards on specific types of containers for packaging of certain products.
The first kind of standards that are generally used to develop standards for the second kind.
Standards, specialized on particular types of products, take into account the specific requirements of production, without which the safety of products cant be guarantee (high purity processing, the application of additional protective coatings, the nature of the connection details, etc.).
The most commonly used types of packages: boxes of different types - wooden dense grids, boxes, trays (on berries), panelboard, plywood (matches, tea, etc.), corrugated cardboard (prodtara) and others, as well as drums, barrels.
REMEMBER! Packaging (packing), used for transporting goods by rail shall ensure their safety during transportation. Tara should have no signs of external damage that could affect the safety of the cargo. The volume of containers shall comply with the volume of domestic investments. When using the tape as a means of protection against unauthorized access to cargo must be allowed its layering and traces of retracking.